The Chola administration served as a model for all the other kingdoms of the South. The king had a
council of ministers. The kingdom was divided into a number of provinces known as mandalams, The
mandalams in turn were divided into valanadu and nadus. The next administrative sub divisions were
kurrams and kottams. The special feature of the Chola administration was the Local Self Government or
the autonomous administration. The villagers themselves carried out village administration. It was more
or less like the modern Panchayat Raj. Each village had a village assembly known as the ur or the sabha.
The members of the sabha were elected by lot, known as kudavolai system. There was a committee to look
after the specified departments, such as justice, law and order, irrigation etc., which were called as
variyams.
Uttaramerur inscriptions talk about Kudavolai system. This system was a very notable and unique feature
of the village administration of the Cholas. There were 30 wards in each village. A representative for
each ward was elected through Kudavolai system. Names of the contestants from whom one could be chosen
were written on palm leaf tickets. These palm leaves were put into a pot and shuffled. A small boy
picked up palm leaves one by one from the pot. Persons whose name tickets were picked up by the boy were
declared elected. Like that 30 members for thirty wards were elected. This kind of peculiar election
system was called kudavolai system. Out of the thirty elected members, twelve members were appointed to
the Annual committee, twelve members were appointed as the members of the Garden committee and six
members to the Tank committee.
Members of the standing committee and a Gold committee were also elected. Qualification of the members
was given. A person who could be chosen through Kudavolai system must have age from 35 to 70. He should
possess one veli land and of a house built in a taxable land on his own site. He should have knowledge
about vedas and mantras. Persons who killed brahmins or women or cow or children were disqualified.
Thieves, drunkards and people who had undergone punishments were also disqualified from contesting
election from kudavolai system. The people of the Chola Empire were more benefited by the Chola
administration. The best aspects of the Chola administration were followed by the rulers of the later
period.
Uthiramerur Inscriptions on Chola Kudavolai Election System
Uttaramerur, an ancient Chola village once known as Chaturvedimangalam, is located about 85 km from Chennai. This village, developed on the canons of the agama texts, has the village general assembly aka. mahasabha mandapa at the centre. The three temples well known for its architecture, sculptures and epigraphy i.e, 1. Kailasanatha Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, 2. Sundara Varadaraja Perumal Temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu and 3. the Balasubramanya temple dedicated to Lord Subramanya, are oriented with reference to the mandapa.
Background
The Chola administration was functioning on the principles of democracy and the Panchayat system
flourished during their reign. The Chola self government was built up on 'general assemblies' or
'sabhas' or 'mahasabhas' of the villages. All aspects of village community life were administered by
these general assemblies. The mahasabhas encouraged and accepted endowments from public towards
temple functions and services and disposed services as per laid down procedure. In several occasions
they exercised their authority in selling the land portions under their jurisdiction to individuals
of various villages and towns. They also ascertained the purchase and accepted endowments offered by
public. The mahasabha also to accept paddy grains or ghee as well as gold Kalanchu, accrued as
interest of the principal, in certain stipulated measurements. The sabha also accepted gifts from
royal king and his family members and the same was registered and documented with care.
During Chola Empire the Uttaramerur village was gifted to 1200 Vaishnava Brahmins and hence known as
Chaturvedimangalam (சதுர்வேதிமங்கலம்) or Brahmadeya or Devadana type of villages (Brahman
settlements). The village gained more popularity as the temples became the centres of life and these
villages were administrated by the mahasabha. The mahasabhas were apparently an exclusively Brahman
assembly of the villages. The inscriptions on the temple walls speak about prevalence of village
general assemblies in Manur (Tirunelveli), Tiruninravur (Thiruvallur), Manimangalam (Kanchipuram),
Dadasamudram (Kanchipuram), Sithamalli and Thalaignayiru (Thanjavur), Jambai (Villupuram) and
Ponnamaravathy (Pudukottai).
Uttaramerur Chaturvedhi Mangalam
The village general assembly or mahasabha of Uttaramerur Chaturvedhi Mangalam, also known as
Vaikunta Perumal Temple, is the huge granite structure with sanctum sanctorum and the huge pillared
hall with roof measuring about 2500 s.ft. The Dravidian kind of vimanam adorns on top of the
sanctum. The village assembly appears to be the dynamic hub from 9th century A.D. to 11th century.
Lord Vishnu, the presiding deity of Vaikunta Perumal Temple and the Lord of Just, would have
presided over the transactions of the village assembly sessions. The present sanctum has no deity.
Two complete inscriptions were copied from the plinth of the sabha mandapa walls of the temple
complex of Vaikundaperumal at Uttaramerur (Uthiramerur Taluk , Kanchipuram District) by ASI (now
popularly known as 'Uttaramerur inscriptions.'. Both inscriptions belong to the Chola King:
Paranthaka I (907–955).
The inscription details the resolutions of the general assembly of Uttaramerur Chaturvedhi Mangalam
relating to the Royal orders of Parantaka Chola I issued on the 11th and 14th regnal years on the
constitution of the sabha or mahasabha and the 'Pot ticket election procedures' (Kudavolai (குடவோலை
முறை) system) to be followed for the village general assembly or sabha of Uttaramerur Chaturvedhi
Mangalam. The village general assembly met and resolved about the qualification for the members of
the sabha, election procedures for the 30 wards of Uttaramerur Chaturvedhi Mangalam.
Chola EmperorParanthaka I (907–955) who conquered Madurai (மதிரை கொண்ட கோப்பரகேசரிவர்மர்)
Regnal Year
12th Regnal year of Paranthaka I (யாண்டு பனிரெண்டாவது) (12ஆம் ஆட்சியாண்டிலும் (Approximately 919 AD கி.பி919), and 14th Regnal Year sixteenth day of Paranthaka I ) (யாண்டு பதினாலாவது நாள் பதினாறு) 14ஆம் ஆட்சியாண்டிலும் (Approximately 921 AD கி.பி. 921)
Royal (Letter) Order
The Chola emperors gave Royal (verbal) orders (tiruvakya-kelvi) which were drafted by the private
secretary and confirmed by the Olainayakam (Chief Secretary) and a Perundaram (higher officials)
before its despatch by the Vidaiyadhikari (despatch clerk).
The Royal (letter) Order of Devendhran, the Emperor, Sri Viranayana Sri Parantaka Deva (who also
assumed the title as) Parakesari varman was in receipt and was shown to us (members of mahasabha)
(தேவேந்திரன் சக்ரவர்த்தி ஸ்ரீ வீரநாராயண ஸ்ரீ பராந்தக தேவர் ஆகிய பரகேசரி வர்மர் ஸ்ரீ முகம் அருளிச்
செய்து வரக்காட்ட)
Village Under Reference
We the members of the Mahasabha of the village Uttaramerur Chaturvedhi Mangalam of Dhana Kurru forming part of Kaliyur Kottam (காலியூர் கோட்டத்து தன கூற்று உத்திரமேரு சதுர்வேதி மங்கலத்து சபையோம்)
General Assembly met in the Presence of the Village Assembly Officer
We the members met this day as general assembly in the presence of Karanjai Kondaya - Kramavitha bhattan (Brahmin caste title) alias Somasiperumal of Srivanga nagar (name of town) in Purangarambainadu (name of district), of the Chola Nadu (country) (சோழ நாட்டுப்புறங் கரம்பை நாட்டு ஸ்ரீ வாங்க நகரக்கரஞ் செய்கை கெண்ட யக்ரமவித்த பட்டனாகிய சோமாசி பெருமாள்)
Resolution of the Assembly and the Settlement
The village general assembly of the Uttaramerur Chaturvedimangalam met in the general assembly hall
of the village, where it deliberated the resolution:
The village general assembly of the Uttaramerur Chaturvedimangalam was convening the committee as
directed in royal order and was resolved and settled as per the terms given in the royal letter.
Accordingly it was resolved to choose the member for the 'Annual Committee,' (ஸம்வத்ஸர வாரியம்)
'Garden Committee,' (தோட்ட வாரியம்) and the 'Water bodies Committee' (ஏரிவாரியம்) commencing from
this year. (உத்திரமேருச்சதுர்வேதிமங்கலத்து சபையோம் இவ்வாண்டுமுதல் எங்களூர் ஸ்ரீமுகப்படி ஆஞையினால்
தத்தனூர் மூவேந்த வேளான் இருந்து வாரியமாக ஆட்டொருக்காலும் ஸம்வத்ஸர வாரியமும் தோட்ட வாரியமும்
ஏரிவாரியமும் இடுவதற்கு வ்யவஸ்தை செய்த பரிசாவது..)
Village ward or Kudumbu' (குடும்பு)
According to the inscriptions, each village was divided into wards or Kudumbu' (குடும்பு), and each
ward or Kudumbu' (குடும்பு) could send one representative to the general assembly.
There shall be thirty wards in Uttaramerur Chaturvedimangalam; (முப்பதா முப்பது குடும்பிலும் )
In all these thirty wards, all people who live in each ward shall fore gather and shall elect anyone
possessing the following qualifications through "pot-tickets" (Kuda Olai - குடவோலை) election system:
(குடும்பு முப்பதா முப்பது குடும்பிலும் அவ்வவ் குடும்பிலாரே கூடிக் )
Specific qualifications were prescribed for those who wanted to contest: 1. age, 2. possession of
immovable property and 3. education. Thus, those who wanted to be elected had to be above 35 years
of age and below 70 years. Only those who owned land that attracted tax could contest. And such
owners had to own a house built on a legally-owned site to qualify for the elections. A person
serving in any of the committees could not contest again for the next three terms, each term lasting
a year.
Those who wanted to contest:
Those Disqualified to contest
Are those who have served in any of the committees for the last three years and have not submitted their accounts and all their relatives mentioned in the following classes. (மூவாட்டினிப்புறம் வாரியஞ் செய்து கணக்குக் காட்டாதே இருந்தாரையும்);
The relatives of the defaulter
Mode of Election
Constitution of the Committee
Duration of the Committees
The great men of these three committees thus chosen for them shall hold office for full three hundred and sixty days and then retire ((இவ்வாரியம் செய்கின்ற மூன்று திறத்து வாரியப் பெருமக்களும் முன்னுற்றருபது நாளும் நிரம்பச் செய்து ஒழிவதாகவும்);
Removal of Persons Found Guilty
Pancavara and Gold Committees
Qualification of the Accountant
Implementation
The Royal Order shall implement Pot Ticket Procedure (Kudavolai System) from this year and shall continue till the existence of Moon and Sun (இப்பரிசே இவ்வாண்டு முதல் சந்த்ராதித்யவத் என்றும் குடவோலை வாரியமே இடுவதாக )
Received From
Royal Order received from Devendhran, the Emperor, Sri Viranayana Sri Parantaka Deva (who also assumed the title as) Parakesari varman (தேவேந்திரன் சக்ரவர்த்தி பட்டிதவச்சவன் குஞ்சர மல்லன் சூரா சூளாமணி கல்பகசரிதை ஸ்ரீ பரகேசரிபன்மர்கள் ஸ்ரீ முகம் அருளிச் செய்து);
Received and Submitted by Village Assembly Officer
Royal Order received and shown (submitted) to the Members of the general assembly of Uttaramerur Chaturvedhi Mangalam by Karanjai Kondaya - Kramavitha bhattan (Brahmin caste title) alias Somasiperumal of Srivanga nagar (name of town) in Purangarambainadu (name of district), of the Chola Nadu (country) (வரக் காட்ட ஸ்ரீ ஆளஞயால் சோழ நாட்டு புறங்கரம்பை நாட்டு ஸ்ரீ வங்க நகர்க் காஞ்சை கொண்ட யாக்ரமவித்த பாட்டனாகிய சேர்மாசி பெருமானுடன் இருந்து இப்பரிசு செய்விக்க);
Madhyasthan
Kadadippottan Sivakkuri Rajamallamangalapriyan functioned as the madhyasthan of Uttaramerur Chaturvedimangalam sabha (நம் கிராமத்து அப்யுதயமாக துஷ்டர் கேட்டு விசிஷ்டர் வர்த்திப்பதாக வியவஸ்தை செய்தோம் மத்யஸ்தன் காடாடிப் போத்தன் சிவகுறி இராஜமல்ல மங்கலப்பிரியனேன்);
The Scribe
At the order of the great men, sitting in the assembly, the Arbitrator Kadadippottan Sivakkuri Rajamallamangalapriyan, thus wrote this settlement. (உத்தரமேரு சதுர்வேதி மங்கலத்துச் சபையாம் இப்பரிசு குறியுள் இருந்து பெருமக்கள் பணிக்கு வியவஸ்தை மத்யஸ்தன் காடாடிப் போத்தன் சிவகுறி இராஜமல்ல மங்கலப்பிரியனேன்.)
Reference